Your bounce and link domains are still Salesforce-owned (exacttarget.com)
Without the Sender Authentication Package (SAP), Marketing Cloud sends with a Return-Path on a Salesforce host such as bounce.s7.exacttarget.com or bounce.s10.mc.pd25.com, and wraps every link and image URL through Marketing Cloud domains. SPF passes against Salesforce's domain but never aligns with your From domain, and the wrapped links read as a mismatch to Gmail. The fix is SAP, which provisions an authenticated Private Domain that signs DKIM as your domain and brands link and image wrapping with it. Confirm the d= domain and link domain on a live send, not just in DNS.